Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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