The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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