RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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