The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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