Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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