Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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