Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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