Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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