Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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