A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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