Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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