Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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