Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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