As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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