Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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