I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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