One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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