An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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