Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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