Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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