The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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