A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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