An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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