An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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