Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin