As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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