Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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