There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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