The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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