“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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