A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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