As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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