Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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