Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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