There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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