“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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