In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin