The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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