pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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