RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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