RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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