pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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