RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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