pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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