pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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