One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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