A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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