Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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