Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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