Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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