A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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