Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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