Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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