DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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