The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin