There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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