In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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