In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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