In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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