In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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