The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook