The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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