By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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