Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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