Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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