One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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