Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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