Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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