One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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