The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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