Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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