A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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