Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin