Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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