Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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