Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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