Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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