Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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