The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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