A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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