As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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