Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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