A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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