Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin