Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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