A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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