Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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