An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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