Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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