Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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