Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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