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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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