The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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