Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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