A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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