The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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