The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin