The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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