The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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