The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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