The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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