The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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