Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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