The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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