In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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