An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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