Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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