Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin