As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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