The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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