Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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