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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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