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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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