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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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