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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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