A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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