One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin