Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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