Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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