Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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