Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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