A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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