Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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