RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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