The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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