The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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