Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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