Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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