There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin