RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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