RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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