RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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