RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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