RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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