RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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