Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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