Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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