Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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