One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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