Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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