The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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