The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin