The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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