Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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