A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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