Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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