In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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