A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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