Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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