As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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