A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin