Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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