Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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