Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin