Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin