It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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