A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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