It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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