Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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