Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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