There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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