In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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