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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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