The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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