Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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