Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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