There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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