Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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