The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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