A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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