One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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