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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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