Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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