Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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