Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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