Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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