Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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