Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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