Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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