Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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