So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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