In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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