The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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