Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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