So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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