The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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