A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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