The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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