Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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