DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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