Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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