The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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