Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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