One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook