A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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