There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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