The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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