One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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