One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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