As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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