Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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