Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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