Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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