A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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