An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin