Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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