An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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