Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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