An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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