An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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