Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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