A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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