Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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