The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin