The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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