The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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