The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
Textbook
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin